Era IV — Buhari II · Tinubu (2015–present) — Kaduna State

12–14 Dec 2015 — Zaria Shia massacre / Zaria killings. Nigerian Army Chief of Army Staff Tukur Buratai's convoy is blocked by an Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) procession at Husainiyya, Gyellesu, Zaria. The Army storms the IMN compound and the Hussainiyya Baqiyatullah. At least 348 IMN members killed (Kaduna State Judicial Commission of Inquiry, the Garba Commission, 2016); IMN puts the figure above 1,000 — most buried in mass graves at Mando. Sheikh Ibrahim El-Zakzaky and his wife Zeenah are wounded and detained without trial until 2021. No prosecutions of any soldier.Impunity Loop
2016–2020 — Southern Kaduna killings. Continuous Fulani-herder / settled-farmer attacks across Kaura, Zangon Kataf, Jema'a and Kachia. ACLED, Amnesty and HRW estimate 3,500+ deaths over the period; entire villages (Goska, Ninte, Atakmawei) depopulated.Climate-Conflict Escalator Unprosecuted Massacre Cycle
2018–present — Birnin Gwari banditry-and-gold corridor. Birnin Gwari LGA — the largest single artisanal-gold-producing local government in Nigeria — becomes the headquarters of the north-western banditry economy. Over 2,000 killed in Birnin Gwari alone 2018–2024; military Operation Hadarin Daji and Operation Whirl Punch deployed.Northern Abandonment Cycle
11 Feb 2019 — Adara crisis in Kajuru LGA: ≈ 130 killed in coordinated Fulani-on-Adara attacks days before the Presidential election; ten Fulani villages later attacked in revenge; Governor el-Rufai sets the death toll at 130, opposition disputes.
2020 — #EndSARS Kaduna. Demonstrations across Kaduna, Zaria, Kafanchan; 24-hour curfew imposed 20 Oct 2020; shootings at Kaduna's Sabon Tasha checkpoint (≈ 4 protesters killed per Amnesty International).Unprosecuted Massacre Cycle Impunity Loop
28 March 2022 — Abuja–Kaduna train attack. Bandits / ISWAP attackers detonate explosives on the Abuja–Kaduna Standard Gauge railway near Katari; storm the stranded train. At least 9 killed, 63 abducted. Hostages held for up to seven months; ransoms paid; last hostage released October 2022. Service suspended for nine months.Northern Abandonment Cycle
25 May 2022 — Deborah Samuel lynching, Sokoto (cross-referenced from Sokoto): triggers reprisal protests in Kaduna and Zaria.Unprosecuted Massacre Cycle
8 January 2023 — Bandits abduct 39 from a single bus on the Birnin Gwari–Funtua road.Northern Abandonment Cycle
August 2024 — End Bad Governance demonstrations. Kaduna city protests dispersed with live ammunition; at least 4 killed in Kaduna on 1 August (Amnesty International figures); curfew imposed across Kaduna metropolis from 2–10 August.Economic Shock Cycle
2024–2025 — Boko Haram / Lakurawa spill into Kaduna's north-west (Birnin Gwari, Giwa, Sabon Gari) from Katsina and Zamfara; ≈ 400 deaths in the first half of 2025.Northern Abandonment Cycle