Era −1 — Pre-1900: jihad and southern Kaduna slave-raiding — Kaduna State

1808 — Sokoto jihad takes Zazzau. Mallam Musa deposes Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau, who flees south with his court to found the Habe Emirate of Abuja (Suleja). The Hausa Sarkin Zazzau lineage is permanently exiled; the throne passes to four Fulani houses.
1810s–1890s — Southern Kaduna slave-raiding. Zazzau and Jema'a emirates raid the Atyap, Bajju, Ham, Adara, Kagoro and Ninzo highlands almost continuously for slaves traded to Kano, Bida and the Trans-Saharan caravans. The grievance is the foundational pattern of every modern southern-Kaduna crisis.Unprosecuted Massacre Cycle
1880–1900 — Cowrie collapse and the fiscal crisis of the Zaria and Jema'a Beit-el-mals; see How the currency fell before the flag.