- 1980s–1990s Tiv–Jukun communal conflicts along the Benue–Taraba border (Wukari, Ibi, Donga, Ukum). Recurring waves in 1990, 1992, 2001 — by 2002 ~50,000 Tiv displaced from southern Taraba.
- 1990s — Lobi Bank and Benue Sugar collapse. Industrial Makurdi and Lafiagi hollowed out; mass unemployment is the structural backdrop to later youth militancy.
Benue State · Crisis deep dive
Second Republic & second military era (1979–1999)
Methodology
Tier 1 · primary
Courts. Gazettes. National archives.
Tier 2 · corroborating
OCCRP. HRW. BudgIT. TheCable.
Tier 4 · tertiary, flagged
Wikipedia only where primary is pending. Always labelled.