Fourth Republic — Obasanjo II (1999–2007) — Benue State

20–24 October 2001 — Zaki Biam Massacre. After 19 soldiers are killed by Tiv militia on the Taraba border, the Nigerian Army's 101 Battalion under Col. K.K. Aliyu (on operational orders from Lt-Gen. Victor Malu's successor as COAS; authorised by President Obasanjo) sacks Zaki Biam, Vaase, Tse-Adoor, Anyiin, Sankera and surrounding villages. At least 200 Tiv civilians killed (Human Rights Watch, *Military Revenge in Benue: A Population Under Attack*, April 2002); markets, schools, churches and houses destroyed. No officer was ever prosecuted. See Zaki Biam.Impunity Loop
2001–2006 — Tiv–Jukun violence continues across the Benue–Taraba border, with successive Federal Government peace committees (Idoma, Akinyemi, Mu'azu) failing to produce a lasting settlement.