Second Republic & second military era (1979–1999)

1980s–1990s oil-spill crisis. Hundreds of recorded spills across Bayelsa creeks; mangrove and freshwater swamp ecosystems begin collapsing.
11 December 1998 — Kaiama Declaration. The Ijaw Youth Council (Felix Tuodolo, Oronto Douglas) demands oil-company withdrawal from Ijaw territory by 30 December 1998. The federal response — Operation Salvage — deploys troops, kills an estimated 200+ youths across Bayelsa, Rivers and Delta over the following weeks, and triggers the formation of MEND and the Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force.Grievance-to-Insurgency Pipeline

Methodology

Tier 1 · primary

Courts. Gazettes. National archives.

Tier 2 · corroborating

OCCRP. HRW. BudgIT. TheCable.

Tier 4 · tertiary, flagged

Wikipedia only where primary is pending. Always labelled.