Era I — First Republic & military rule (1960–1999) — Gombe State

1966 Northern pogroms — spillover into Bauchi Province (May, July and Sept–Oct 1966) — Igbo traders in Gombe town are killed in the September wave; the railway carries refugees east to Enugu in the prelude to the Biafran War.
Biafran War — Gombe as 1 Division rear-base (1967–70) — the railhead serves as logistics hub for the federal advance on Nsukka and Enugu.
1980 Maitatsine spillover — the Kano Maitatsine uprising sends cells into Bauchi Province; minor disturbances at Bajoga.Unprosecuted Massacre Cycle
1991 Tafawa-Balewa / Bauchi religious riots — Tangale-Waja secondary impact — Christian-Muslim violence in southern Bauchi province kills 100+; the Tangale highlands of present-day Gombe are a refuge area.