Colonial — Aro Expedition and forced labour (1900–1960) — Ebonyi State

★ Aro Field Force (Nov 1901 – Mar 1902) — four WAFF columns under Lt. Col. A.F. Montanaro with 3,464 troops converge on Arochukwu; 28 December 1901 the Long Juju at Arochukwu is dynamited. Casualty estimates: c. 400 Aro and allied dead (British figure), much higher in Igbo oral tradition. Pattern: colonial conquest.
Afikpo and Bende mopping-up (Jan–Mar 1902) — punitive village burnings along the Cross River.
Ezza patrols (1908–1912) — sustained WAFF operations against Ezza warrior bands; recurring punitive expeditions through Onueke, Ezzamgbo and Effium.
1929 Aba Women's War — Afikpo and Abakaliki extensions — protests against the warrant-chief census-and-tax system; documented at Afikpo, Edda and Ohaozara markets.Impunity Loop
1934 Enyigba women's protest — opposition to pit-labour conscription in the Pb-Zn mines; suppressed by Calabar Provincial Police.
WW2 conscription (1939–45) — Abakaliki and Afikpo men recruited for WAFF Burma battalions; Effium famine 1942–43 from wartime palm-oil requisition.