Pre-colonial — slave-raiding, jihad and Rabih's wars (pre-1900) — Borno State

Salla slave-raids on the hill peoples (16th–19th c.) — annual mounted columns from Birni Ngazargamu and Kukawa into the Mandara, Gwoza and Biu highlands; captives fed the trans-Saharan caravan to Tripoli and the domestic estates of the Shehus.
Sack of Birni Ngazargamu (1808) — Sokoto jihadists under Gwoni Mukhtar burn the Saifawa capital; tens of thousands of inhabitants killed or scattered. Pattern: religious-political conquest.
Rabih's conquest (1893–1900) — sack of Kukawa, killing of Shehu Hashimi, six years of forced-labour, scorched-earth taxation and mass deportations to Dikwa.
Anglo-French scramble (1900–1902) — three colonial armies (British WAFF, French *Mission Centre-Africaine*, German *Schutztruppe*) campaigning across Borno; the Battle of Kousseri (22 Apr 1900) kills Rabih; Fadlallah killed at Gujba (1901).