- 17th–19th c. — Caliphate slave-raiding. Adamawa, Bauchi and Muri cavalry raid Tiv and Idoma villages for slaves; the Tiv segmentary villages absorb the shocks but the eastern Idoma frontier is permanently depopulated in the Apa-Edumoga belt.
Benue State · Crisis deep dive
Pre-colonial · Atlantic / Caliphate era (pre-1885)
Methodology
Tier 1 · primary
Courts. Gazettes. National archives.
Tier 2 · corroborating
OCCRP. HRW. BudgIT. TheCable.
Tier 4 · tertiary, flagged
Wikipedia only where primary is pending. Always labelled.