The Republic
All stories

Tech & Commsevent★ Pivotal · cultural1959 — 1992· Chapter 315Series · Act V of 7

How Nigeria Got Wired — Seven Communications Technologies, 1846–2023

Wired · Act V — WNTV — 'First in Africa' (1959)

Awolowo's Western Region opens WNTV Ibadan on 31 October 1959 — the first television station in tropical Africa, and a political weapon against the federal NBC. Decree 24 of 1977 abolishes regional TV. Channels and AIT break the NTA monopoly in 1995–96.

Listen to this story0:00 / —:—

On the evening of 31 October 1959, in a converted bungalow at Agodi in Ibadan, Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) began test transmission with the now-famous station identification 'WNTV — First in Africa'. The first scheduled programme aired on 23 April 1960: a speech by Premier Obafemi Awolowo introducing the station, followed by Yoruba folk music and an episode of the British puppet serial *Twizzle*. The transmitter was a 5-kilowatt Marconi unit installed by Overseas Rediffusion Ltd of London, the studio cameras were Marconi Mark IIIs, and the technical staff were trained at the BBC Wood Norton school in Worcestershire — but the station was African-owned, financed by a £500,000 Western Region Government investment voted by the Awolowo cabinet specifically to break the federal NBC's information monopoly ahead of the 1959 federal elections.

WNTV was indeed the first television station in tropical Africa — beating Egyptian and South African television (both 1960) by months — but it was emphatically *not* the first in Africa: Algeria's Télé-Algérie had been broadcasting since 1956 under French colonial signal, and Morocco's Télévision Marocaine since 1954. The 'First in Africa' tagline is sub-Saharan accurate. The political model — a regional government using television as a counter-weight to the federal centre — was copied within twelve months: Eastern Nigeria Television (ENTV) Aba, May 1960; Radio-Television Kaduna (RTK), March 1962; NBC-TV Lagos (federal), April 1962. By the end of the First Republic Nigeria had four competing television services, the most for any African country.

Military centralisation killed regional television. Decree No. 24 of 1977 abolished the regional stations and merged them into the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) with a 25-station national network. Colour transmission arrived for FESTAC '77 (the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture, Jan–Feb 1977). The 1992 deregulation that opened radio also opened television: AIT (Africa Independent Television, 1996) and Channels Television (1995) are the first private licensed broadcasters; MultiChoice DStv (1995 licence, 1996 launch) and the earlier ABG Communications (early 1990s, Kano) see ABG Communications cable pioneer introduced subscription satellite.

Adoption lag: BBC public television 1936 → WNTV 1959 = 23 years. Colour: UK 1967 → Nigeria 1977 = 10 years. Digital terrestrial: UK 1998 → Nigeria's stalled DSO 2016–24 (incomplete) = 18+ years and counting. Television is the technology where Nigeria came closest to leading sub-Saharan Africa — and the regional pluralism Awolowo built was undone, not by technology, but by federal decree.

Era context

The political and economic reality

The government(s), economy and national reality across the period 1959–1996.

British colonial administration

Sir Frederick Lugard → Sir James Robertson

1900–1960

National reality

Amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates (1914) under indirect rule. Marketing boards extracted cocoa, palm oil and groundnut surpluses; political agitation built through the press and the trade union movement.

Crises of the period

  • Aba Women's War (1929)
  • Iva Valley shooting of striking miners (1949)
  • Kano riots (1953)

GDP (World Bank)

Pre-independence; no national accounts series

Cabinet (selected portfolios)

Full ministerial roster being compiled.

Government administered by Governors-General and Residents. The first indigenous federal ministers were appointed under the 1954 Lyttelton Constitution.

Source · Toyin Falola, A History of Nigeria (CUP, 2008)

Prime Minister · First Republic

Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

1960–1966· NPC

National reality

Independence on 1 October 1960. Regional rivalries (NPC, NCNC, AG) dominated politics. Awolowo treason trial (1962–63). Western Region crisis (1962–65) and the disputed 1964 federal election destabilised the Republic.

Crises of the period

  • Action Group crisis (1962)
  • Western Region election violence (1965)
  • January 15, 1966 coup — Balewa, Ahmadu Bello and Akintola killed

GDP (World Bank)

≈ $4.2 bn (1960, World Bank)

Cabinet (selected portfolios)

  • Finance

    Festus Okotie-Eboh

  • Justice (AGF)

    Dr. Taslim Olawale Elias

  • Defence

    Sir Muhammadu Ribadu

  • Foreign Affairs

    Jaja Wachuku

  • Education

    Aja Nwachukwu

Sources · Federal Gazette 1960–66 · Falola & Heaton (2008)

Head of State · Military

Gen. Yakubu Gowon

1966–1975

National reality

Counter-coup of July 1966, Biafran War (1967–70), then the oil-boom expansion. Twelve-state structure (1967) replaced the four regions. Three Rs (Reconciliation, Reconstruction, Rehabilitation) and indigenisation began.

Crises of the period

  • Biafran Civil War 1967–70 (1–3 million dead)
  • 1973 OPEC oil shock + boom
  • FESTAC '77 preparations

GDP (World Bank)

$12.5 bn (1970) → $27.7 bn (1975, oil boom)

Cabinet (selected portfolios)

  • Finance (Commissioner)

    Chief Obafemi Awolowo (1967–71)

  • Education (Commissioner)

    A.Y. Eke (c.1967)

Federal Executive Council of commissioners; full roster being compiled.

Sources · Federal Military Government records · World Bank WDI

Head of State · Military

Gen. Murtala Muhammed → Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo

1975–1979

National reality

Murtala assassinated 13 February 1976; Obasanjo completed the transition. Universal Primary Education launched 1976. Land Use Act 1978. 1979 Constitution and handover to the Second Republic.

Crises of the period

  • Dimka coup attempt + Murtala assassination (1976)
  • 'Ali Must Go' student protests (1978) — students killed over a 50-kobo fee increase

GDP (World Bank)

$28 bn (1975) → $47 bn (1979)

Cabinet (selected portfolios)

  • Education

    Col. Ahmadu Ali (1975–78)

  • Education

    J.O.J. Okezie (1978)

Sources · Federal Gazette · Constitution Drafting Committee records (1976–78)

President · Second Republic

Alhaji Shehu Shagari

1979–1983· NPN

National reality

First executive presidency. Oil-price crash from 1981 destroyed the boom. Ghana Must Go expulsion of West African migrants (1983). Disputed re-election in 1983, then the Buhari/Idiagbon coup on 31 December 1983.

Crises of the period

  • Oil price collapse 1981–83
  • Maitatsine riots Kano (1980)
  • Ghana Must Go (1983)
  • 31 December 1983 coup

GDP (World Bank)

$64 bn (1980, oil peak) → $30 bn (1983, bust)

Cabinet (selected portfolios)

  • Finance

    Sunday Essang → Onaolapo Soleye

  • Education

    Sylvester Ugoh; later others (being compiled)

Sources · Federal Gazette 1979–83 · CBN Annual Reports

Head of State · Military

Maj.-Gen. Muhammadu Buhari

1984–1985

National reality

War Against Indiscipline. Decrees 2 (detention without trial) and 4 (press) were used to jail Tunde Thompson and Nduka Irabor. Overthrown by Babangida on 27 August 1985.

Crises of the period

  • Decree 4 press jailings
  • Economic austerity; queues for essential commodities

GDP (World Bank)

$28 bn (1984)

Cabinet (selected portfolios)

  • Foreign Affairs

    Prof. Ibrahim Gambari

  • Finance

    Dr. Onaolapo Soleye

Source · Federal Military Government Gazette 1984–85

Military President

Gen. Ibrahim Babangida

1985–1993

National reality

Structural Adjustment Programme from 1986 — devaluation of the naira, deregulation, austerity that has, in real terms, never been recovered. Dele Giwa murdered by parcel bomb (1986). Annulled the 12 June 1993 election.

Crises of the period

  • SAP 1986
  • Dele Giwa assassination (1986)
  • Orkar coup attempt (1990)
  • Annulment of June 12, 1993

GDP (World Bank)

$30 bn (1985) → $15 bn (1993, post-SAP devaluation)

Cabinet (selected portfolios)

  • Education

    Prof. A. Babs Fafunwa (1990–92)

  • Finance

    Chu Okongwu; Olu Falae; Kalu Idika Kalu

Sources · Federal Military Government Gazette 1985–93 · CBN

Head of State · Military

Gen. Sani Abacha

1993–1998

National reality

Most repressive military regime in Nigerian history. Ogoni Nine hanged 10 November 1995 — Nigeria suspended from the Commonwealth. Abiola died in detention 7 July 1998. Abacha died 8 June 1998. Estimated $3–5 billion looted.

Crises of the period

  • Ogoni Nine execution (1995)
  • Commonwealth suspension 1995–99
  • Kudirat Abiola assassination (1996)
  • Abiola death in detention (1998)

GDP (World Bank)

$18 bn (1994) → $33 bn (1998)

Cabinet (selected portfolios)

Full ministerial roster being compiled.

Provisional Ruling Council. Full ministerial roster being compiled.

Sources · HRW Nigeria reports 1994–98 · Oputa Panel Report

How Nigeria Got Wired — Seven Communications Technologies, 1846–2023 · Act V of 7

The Republic — Weekly

One article a week. Stories, consorts, records, heroes — on a four-week rotation.

Methodology

Tier 1 · primary

Courts. Gazettes. National archives.

Tier 2 · corroborating

OCCRP. HRW. BudgIT. TheCable.

Tier 4 · tertiary, flagged

Wikipedia only where primary is pending. Always labelled.