Pre-colonial & RNC era — slave trade, Ebrohimi and Ekumeku (pre-1914) — Delta State

Atlantic slave embarkations from Warri, Forcados and Escravos (c. 1500–1840) — Itsekiri intermediaries between Benin and the Portuguese, Dutch, French and British; estimated 300,000+ embarked. Pattern: commercial violence.
Ebrohimi Expedition (25 Sept 1894) — Consul Sir Ralph Moor with 380 marines, the gunboats *Phoebe*, *Alecto* and *Widgeon* shells and burns Nana Olomu's seat at Ebrohimi; over 400 Itsekiri killed; Nana exiled to Accra. Pattern: colonial conquest.
Asaba massacre of 1888 — RNC Constabulary under Major Macdonald punitive against Asaba towns over a treaty dispute; 100+ killed.
Ekumeku War (1898–1911) — thirteen years of Anioma guerrilla resistance led by the *Otu Ekumeku* secret society; campaigns at Ogwashi-Uku (1909) and Ubulu-Uku (1911) involve the Owa Ekumeku martyrs (Dunkwu Iside, Nwabuzo Iyogolo, others) and end with mass executions and the burning of nine Anioma towns. Pattern: religious-political conquest.
Aboh Patrol (1896, 1899) — RNC gunboat actions to break Aboh's pilotage monopoly on the lower Niger.
Urhobo "anti-tax" patrols (1914) — Sapele, Ughelli, Agbarho protests against the new direct-tax ordinance.