Pre-colonial (to 1899) — Adamawa State

Bachama–Fulani wars (1820s) — Modibbo Adama's Fulani jihadists are repulsed by the Bachama (Bwatiye) of Lamurde and the Bata of the Benue valley. The Bachama and Bata are the only major Benue powers the Sokoto Caliphate never fully subdued; their resistance fixes the southern limit of the Adamawa Emirate.
Adamawa Emirate slave-raids on the Mandara highlands (c. 1830–1890) — Yola's frontier raids on the Margi, Kilba (Huba), Higi and Ga'anda hills. The "pagan" highland communities of present-day Michika, Madagali, Hong and Song carry the inherited memory of these raids into the 20th century.
Lamido Zubeiru's resistance war (1900–1903) — the last sovereign ruler of Adamawa moves the capital from Yola to Maiwa, then to the Mandara hills, refusing the British Royal Niger Company protectorate. Killed in exile in Cameroon in 1903.